Cellulite is an inflammatory process involving the lymphatic system, the micro circulatory system and the
extracellular matrix.
Initially, the accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol esters within the adipocytes leads to swelling.
The micro circulation of blood is reduced, causing an accumulation of proteinous fluid in the interstices and the successive increase in interstitial
pressure.
This is how the process triggering cellulite begins. Inflammation causes the enzyme PPM to be released, which in its turn helps initiate the
fibrotic processes responsible for irreversible worsening of cellulite and its appearance.
To effectively combat cellulite, you must therefore work on the problem in three ways concurrently, by helping the body to:
-
improve micro circulation
-
strengthen connective tissue
-
stimulate thermogenesis in adipose cells..
The solution for cellulite is topical application of Undaria Powder as scrubs, mud packs, bath
balls, exfoliators and soaps, to significantly reduce the appearance of cellulite and orange-peel skin.
Some interesting studies on these pathways are:
Fucoxantin:a treasure from the sea. D’Orazio N, Gemello E, Gammone MA, de Girolamo M, Ficoneri C, Riccioni G.
Human and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Via Dei Vestini, University G. D’
Annunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy.
ndorazio@unich.it
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2.3 billion people will be
overweight and 700 million obese in 2015. The reasons for this disastrous trend are attributed to the global tendency toward the reduced
magnitude of exercise and physical activity and the increased dietary intake of fats, sugars and calories with reduced amount of vitamins and
minerals. To prevent life-style-related diseases, like Metabolic Syndrome (MS), researchers’ attention is increasingly focusing on some of the
so called “functional foods” which may be useful for their prevention and treatment. One of these functional ingredients is fucoxanthin (FX), a
characteristic carotenoid present in edible brown seaweeds, such as Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame), Hijikia fusiformis (Hijiki), Laminaria
japonica (Ma-Kombu) and Sargassum fulvellum. The increasing popularity of this molecule is certainly due to its anti-obesity effect, primarily
detected by murine studies. These works revealed FX mediated induction of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) in abdominal white adipose tissue
(WAT) mitochondria, leading to the oxidation of fatty acids and heat production in WAT. Beyond this important role, in recent studies FX has
shown a great antioxidant activity, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and anti-photoaging properties. The aim of this review is to highlight the main
effects of FX on human health.
KEYWORDS: obesity, antioxidants, brown seaweeds, fat, fucoxanthin, nutrition
PMID: 22611357 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID: PMC3347018 Free PMC Article
Daily ingestion of alginate reduces energy intake in free-living subjects.
Paxman JR, Richardson JC, Dettmar PW, Corfe BM.
Food and Nutrition Group, Faculty of Organisation and Management, Sheffield Hallam University, Arundel Gate, Sheffield, UK.
j.r.paxman@shu.ac.uk
Sodium alginate is a seaweed-derived fibre that has previously been shown to moderate appetite in models of acute feeding. The mechanisms
underlying this effect may include slowed gastric clearance and attenuated uptake from the small intestine. In order to assess whether alginate
could be effective as a means of appetite control in free-living adults, 68 males and females (BMI range: 18.50-32.81 kg/m(2)) completed this
randomised, controlled two-way crossover intervention to compare the effects of 7 day daily ingestion of a strong-gelling sodium alginate
formulation against a control. A sodium alginate with a high-guluronate content was chosen because, upon ingestion, it forms a strong gel in the
presence of calcium ions. Daily preprandial ingestion of the sodium alginate formulation produced a significant 134.8 kcal (7%) reduction in
mean daily energy intake. This reduced energy intake was underwritten by significant reductions in mean daily carbohydrate, sugar, fat,
saturated fat and protein intakes. The absence of any significant interaction effects between the main effect of preload type and those of gender,
BMI classification and/or timing of preload delivery indicates the efficacy of this treatment for individuals in different settings. These findings
suggest a possible role for a strong-gelling sodium alginate formulation in the future management of overweight and obesity.
Nutr Res Pract. 2013 Aug;7(4):287-93. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2013.7.4.287.
Epub 2013 Aug 7.
The effect of fucoxanthin rich power on the lipid metabolism in rats with a high fat diet.
Ha AW , Kim WK
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 126, Jukjeon-dong, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyunggi 448-701, Korea.
This study determined the effects of fucoxanthin on gene expressions related to lipid metabolism in rats with a high-fat diet. Rats were fed with
normal fat diet (NF, 7% fat) group, high fat diet group (HF, 20% fat), and high fat with 0.2% fucoxanthin diet group (HF+Fxn) for 4 weeks. Body
weight changes and lipid profiles in plasma, liver, and feces were determined. The mRNA expressions of transcriptional factors such as sterol
regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1), Cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase1 (CYP7A1) as well as
mRNA expression of several lipogenic enzymes were determined. Fucoxanthin supplements significantly increased plasma high density
lipoprotein (HDL) concentration (P < 0.05). The hepatic total lipids, total cholesterols, and triglycerides were significantly decreased while the
fecal excretions of total lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly increased in HF+Fxn group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of
hepatic Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), Fatty acid synthase (FAS), and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) as well as SREBP-1C
were significantly lower in HF+Fxn group compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). The hepatic mRNA expression of Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) and Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) were significantly low while lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase
(LCAT) was significantly high in the HF+Fxn group (P < 0.05). There was significant increase in mRNA expression of CPT1 and CYP7A1 in
the HF+Fxn group, compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, consumption of fucoxanthin is thought to be effective in improving lipid
and cholesterol metabolism in rats with a high fat diet.
Fucoxanthin promotes translocation and induction of glucose transporter 4 in skeletal muscles of diabetic/obese KK-A(y)
mice.
Nishikawa S , Hosokawa M , Miyashita K
Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
Fucoxanthin (Fx) isolated from Undaria pinnatifida suppresses the development of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia of diabetic/obese
KK-A(y) mice after 2 weeks of feeding 0.2% Fx-containing diet. In the soleus muscle of KK-A(y) mice that were fed Fx, glucose transporter 4
(GLUT4) translocation to plasma membranes from cytosol was promoted. On the other hand, Fx increased GLUT4 expression levels in the
extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, although GLUT4 translocation tended to increase. The expression levels of insulin receptor (IR) mRNA
and phosphorylation of Akt, which are in upstream of the insulin signaling pathway regulating GLUT4 translocation, were also enhanced in the
soleus and EDL muscles of the mice fed Fx. Furthermore, Fx induced peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ? coactivator-1a (PGC-1a),
which has been reported to increase GLUT4 expression, in both soleus and EDL muscles. These results suggest that in diabetic/obese KK-A(y)
mice, Fx improves hyperglycemia by activating the insulin signaling pathway, including GLUT4 translocation, and inducing GLUT4 expression in
the soleus and EDL muscles, respectively, of diabetic/obese KK-A(y) mice.
Combination of fucoxanthin and conjugated linoleic acid attenuates body weight gain and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat
diet-induced obese rats.
Hu X , Li Y , Li C , Fu Y , Cai F , Chen Q , Li D
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
The present study investigated the effects of combined fucoxanthin (Fc) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on high-fat diet-induced obese rats.
Thirty five rats were divided into four groups, fed a high-fat diet (Control, 15% fat, wt/wt), supplemented with low Fc (FCL, 0.083 mg/kg/bw), high
Fc (FCH, 0.167 mg/kg/bw) and FCL (0.083 mg/kg/bw) plus CLA (0.15 g/kg/bw) (FCL+CLA) for 52 d. Body weight and white adipose tissue
(WAT) weight were significantly suppressed in FCL+CLA group than those in control group. WAT weight was also markedly attenuated in FCL
and FCH groups. Accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets and the perirenal adipocyte size of FCL, FCH and FCL+CLA groups were diminished
compared to control group. Serum total cholesterol level in FCH group, triacylglycerol and leptin levels in FCL, FCH and FCL+CLA groups, and
glucose concentration in FCH and FCL+CLA groups were significantly decreased than those in control group. The mRNA expression of
adiponectin, adipose triacylglycerol lipase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A was remarkably up-regulated in FCL, FCH and FCL+CLA groups.
These results suggest that Fc and FCL+CLA could reduce serum levels of triacylglycerol, glucose and leptin, and FCL+CLA could exert
anti-obesity effects by regulating mRNA expression of enzymes related to lipid metabolism in WAT of diet-induced obesity rats.
Xanthigen suppresses preadipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis through down-regulation of PPAR? and C/EBPs and modulation
of SIRT-1, AMPK, and FoxO pathways.
Lai CS , Tsai ML , Badmaev V , Jimenez M , Ho CT , Pan MH
Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan..
Xanthigen is a source of punicic acid and fucoxanthin derived from pomegranate seed and brown seaweed, respectively with recognized
triacylglycerol-lowering effects in humans, yet the mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated the inhibitory effects
of Xanthigen, fucoxanthin, and punicic acid (70% in pomegranate seed oil) on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Xanthigen potently
and dose-dependently suppressed accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes compared to its individual components, fucoxanthin and
pomegranate seed oil. Western blot analysis revealed that Xanthigen markedly down-regulated the protein levels of key adipogenesis
transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)?, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) ß, and C/EBPd as well as
a key enzyme involved in adipogenesis, fatty acid synthase (FAS). Xanthigen up-regulated the NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylases
(SIRT1) and activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, Xanthigen may also
stimulate insulin trigger signaling and result in Akt-dependent phosphorylation of forkhead/winged helix O (FoxO)1 and FoxO3a. These results
indicate that Xanthigen suppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation through multiple mechanisms and may have applications for
the treatment of obesity.
Biological activities and potential health benefits of fucoxanthin derived from marine brown algae.
Kim SK , Pangestuti R
Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University,
Busan, Republic of Korea. sknkim@pknu.ac.kr
The importance of marine algae as sources of functional ingredients has been well recognized due to
their valuable health beneficial effects. Therefore, isolation and investigation of novel bioactive ingredients with biological activities from marine
algae have attracted great attention. Among functional ingredients identified from marine algae, fucoxanthin has received particular interest.
Fucoxanthin has been attributed with extraordinary potential for protecting the organism against a wide range of diseases and has considerable
potential and promising applications in human health. Fucoxanthin has been reported to exhibit various beneficial biological activities such as
antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, and neuroprotective activities. In this chapter, the currently available scientific literatures
regarding the most significant activities of fucoxanthin are summarized.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Fucoxanthin exerts differing effects on 3T3-L1 cells according to differentiation stage and inhibits glucose uptake in mature
adipocytes.
Kang SI , Ko HC , Shin HS , Kim HM , Hong YS , Lee NH , Kim SJ.
Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jejusi, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
Progression of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation is divided into early (days 0-2, D0-D2), intermediate (days 2-4, D2-D4), and late stages
(day 4 onwards, D4-). In this study, we investigated the effects of fucoxanthin, isolated from the edible brown seaweed Petalonia binghamiae, on
adipogenesis during the three differentiation stages of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. When fucoxanthin was applied during the early stage of
differentiation (D0-D2), it promoted 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, as evidenced by increased triglyceride accumulation. At the molecular
level, fucoxanthin increased protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? (PPAR?), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein a
(C/EBPa), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), and aP2, and adiponectin mRNA expression, in a dose-dependent
manner. However, it reduced the expression of PPAR?, C/EBPa, and SREBP1c during the intermediate (D2-D4) and late stages (D4-D7) of
differentiation. It also inhibited the uptake of glucose in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes by reducing the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate
1 (IRS-1). These results suggest that fucoxanthin exerts differing effects on 3T3-L1 cells of different differentiation stages and inhibits glucose
uptake in mature adipocytes.
Antiobesity effects of Undaria lipid capsules prepared with scallop phospholipids.
Okada T , Mizuno Y , Sibayama S , Hosokawa M , Miyashita K
Département des Sciences Alimentaires, Université d’Obihiro d’Agriculture et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido
080-8555, Japon. okadat@obihiro.ac.jp
Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid found in edible brown seaweeds, attenuates white adipose tissue
(WAT) weight gain and hyperglycemia in diabetic/obese KK-A(y) mice, although it does not affect these parameters in lean C57BL/6J mice. In
perigonadal and mesenteric WATs of KK-A(y) mice fed fucoxanthin, mRNA expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), which are considered to induce insulin resistance, were markedly reduced compared to control mice. In
contrast to KK-A(y) mice, fucoxanthin did not alter MCP-1 and TNF-a mRNA expression levels in the WAT of lean C57BL/6J mice. Interleukin-6
(IL-6) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA expression levels in WAT were also decreased by fucoxanthin in KK-A(y) mice. In
differentiating 3T3-F442A adipocytes, fucoxanthinol, which is a fucoxanthin metabolite found in WAT, attenuated TNF-a-induced MCP-1 and
IL-6 mRNA overexpression and protein secretion into the culture medium. In addition, fucoxanthinol decreased TNF-a, inducible nitric oxide
synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells stimulated by palmitic acid. These
findings indicate that fucoxanthin regulates mRNA expression of inflammatory adipocytokines involved in insulin resistance, iNOS, and COX-2
in WAT and has specific effects on diabetic/obese KK-A(y) mice, but not on lean C57BL/6J mice.
Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Source
Dept. of Food Science, Obihiro Univ. of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
okadat@obihiro.ac.jp
Based on previous research findings, a capsule was developed containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acid rich scallop phospholipids (PLs) with an incorporation of brown seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) lipids (ULs) containing fucoxanthin. The
antiobesity effects of the capsules were evaluated with an animal model using 3-wk-old male KK-A(y) mice. Each group received different
combinations of lipid (UL, PL, UL + PL, or UL + PL capsule) either incorporated into the diet or into drinking water. Animals were sacrificed
after a 4-wk experimental feeding period, and adipose tissues and organs were dissected and weighed. Blood samples were obtained to
determine plasma lipid profiles. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA expression levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction
analysis, and UCP1 expression was determined by western blotting analysis. Treatment with either UL alone or UL + PL (capsule) through
drinking water resulted in a significant reduction in body weight, compared to the control group. The total white adipose tissue weight of mice
fed the UL + PL capsule in drinking water was significantly reduced. Both UCP1 and UCP1 mRNA expression in epididymal fat from mice fed
the capsule were significantly higher than in the control group. These results suggest that incorporation of UL into scallop-derived PL by means
of capsulation may lead to an additive increase in the antiobesity properties of these bioactive lipids.
The allenic carotenoid fucoxanthin, a novel marine nutraceutical from brown seaweeds.
Miyashita K, Nishikawa S, Beppu F, Tsukui T, Abe M, Hosokawa M.
Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan. kmiya@fish.hokudai.ac.jp
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are pathologies with rapidly growing prevalence throughout the world. A few molecular targets offer the most hope
for anti-obesity and anti-diabetic therapeutics. One of the keys to success will be the induction of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in abdominal
white adipose tissue (WAT) and the regulation of cytokine secretions from both abdominal adipose cells and macrophage cells infiltrated into
adipose tissue. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of fucoxanthin, a characteristic carotenoid found in brown seaweeds, have been reported.
Nutrigenomic studies reveal that fucoxanthin induces UCP1 in abdominal WAT mitochondria, leading to the oxidation of fatty acids and heat
production in WAT. Fucoxanthin improves insulin resistance and decreases blood glucose levels through the regulation of cytokine secretions
from WAT. The key structure of carotenoids for the expression of anti-obesity effect is suggested to be the carotenoid end of the polyene
chromophore, which contains an allenic bond and two hydroxyl groups.
Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry.
Beneficial effects of Undaria pinnatifida ethanol extract on diet-induced-insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice.
Park HJ , Lee MK , Park YB , Shin YC , Choi MS
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea..
This study was performed to evaluate the beneficial effect of Undaria pinnatifida ethanol extract (UEFx) on insulin resistance in diet-induced
obese mice. A high-fat diet was supplemented with the UEFx at 0.69% (wt/wt) dose, which contains an equivalent amount of 0.02% fucoxanthin
(wt/wt), or with Fx at 0.02% (wt/wt) dose in diet. After 9 weeks, both UEFx supplement significantly lowered the amount of visceral fat, the size of
adipocyte, the fasting blood glucose concentration, the plasma insulin and the insulin resistance index similar to pure as shown by Fx
supplement, compared to the high-fat (HF) control group. Blood glucose level was negatively correlated with hepatic glucokinase activity (r =
-0.533, p < 0.05), whereas positively correlated with hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme activities (r = 0.463, p < 0.05 for
glucose-6-phosphatase; r = 0.457, p < 0.05 for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase). Ratio of hepatic glucokinase/glucose-6-phosphatase
and glycogen content were significantly elevated by the UEFx and Fx supplements. Supplementation of the UEFx as well as Fx seemed to
stimulate the ß-oxidation activity and inhibit the phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity resulting in a decrease in the hepatic lipid droplet
accumulation. The results indicate that the UEFx can prevent insulin resistance and hepatic fat accumulation that is partly mediated by
modulating the hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis in the high fat-induced obese mice.
Fucoxanthin-rich seaweed extract suppresses body weight gain and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J
mice.
Jeon SM , Kim HJ , Woo MN , Lee MK , Shin YC , Park YB , Choi MS.
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea..
An ethanol extract of fucoxanthin-rich seaweed was examined for its effectiveness as a nutraceutical for body fat-lowering agent and for an
antiobese effect based on mode of actions in C57BL/6J mice. Animals were randomized to receive a semi-purified high-fat diet (20% dietary
fat, 10% corn oil and 10% lard) supplemented with 0.2% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as the positive control, 1.43% or 5.72% fucoxanthin-rich
seaweed ethanol extract (Fx-SEE), equivalent to 0.05% or 0.2% dietary fucoxanthin for six weeks. Results showed that supplementation with
both doses of Fx-SEE significantly reduced body and abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) weights, plasma and hepatic triglyceride (TG),
and/or cholesterol concentrations compared to the high-fat control group. Activities of adipocytic fatty acid (FA) synthesis, hepatic FA and TG
synthesis, and cholesterol-regulating enzyme were also lowered by Fx-SEE supplement. Concentrations of plasma high-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol, fecal TG and cholesterol, as well as FA oxidation enzyme activity and UCP1 mRNA expression in epididymal WAT were
significantly higher in the Fx-SEE groups than in the high-fat control group. CLA treatment reduced the body weight gain and plasma TG
concentration. Overall, these results indicate that Fx-SEE affects the plasma and hepatic lipid profile, fecal lipids and body fat mass, and alters
hepatic cholesterol metabolism, FA synthesis and lipid absorption.
PMID:20845386 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Fucoxanthin supplementation improves plasma and hepatic lipid metabolism and blood glucose concentration in high-fat fed C57BL/6N
mice.
Woo MN , Jeon SM , Kim HJ , Lee MK , Shin SK , Shin YC , Park YB , Choi MS
.
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Food & Nutritional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Republic of Korea..
This study investigated the effects of fucoxanthin isolated from marine plant extracts on lipid metabolism and blood glucose concentration in
high-fat diet fed C57BL/6N mice. The mice were divided into high-fat control (HFC; 20% fat, w/w), low-fucoxanthin (low-Fxn; HFC+0.05% Fxn,
w/w) and high-fucoxanthin (high-Fxn; HFC+0.2% Fxn, w/w) groups. Fxn supplementation significantly lowered the concentration of plasma
triglyceride with a concomitant increase of fecal lipids in comparison to the HFC group. Also, the hepatic lipid contents were significantly
lowered in the Fxn supplemented groups which seemed to be due to the reduced activity of the hepatic lipogenic enzymes,
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and the enhanced activity of
beta-oxidation. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and its percentage were markedly elevated by Fxn supplementation.
Activities of two key cholesterol regulating enzymes: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol
acyltransferase, were significantly suppressed by Fxn regardless of the dosage. Relative mRNA expressions of acyl-coA oxidase 1, palmitoyl
(ACOX1) and peroxisome proliferators activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and gamma (PPARgamma) were significantly altered by Fxn
supplementation in the liver. Fxn also lowered blood glucose and HbA(1c) levels along with plasma resistin and insulin concentrations. These
results suggest that Fxn supplementation plays a beneficial role in not only regulating the plasma and hepatic lipids metabolism but also for
blood glucose-lowering action in high-fat fed mice.
Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PMID:
20519145
[PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Fucoxanthin regulates adipocytokine mRNA expression in white adipose tissue of diabetic/obese KK-Ay mice.
Hosokawa M , Miyashita T , Nishikawa S , Emi S , Tsukui T , Beppu F , Okada T , Miyash , ita K ,
Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan. hoso@fish.hokudai.ac.jp
